Comparison between film and television history styles etc Research Paper

Correlation among film and TV history styles and so forth - Research Paper Example The TV innovation had its unassuming and distrustful beginnings, however aside from the Internet is the twentieth century’s most persuasive creation, Monaghan contends (1). Indeed, even its own innovators might not have envisioned the improvement it has arrived at today and the further advancement it could reach later on. The development of the TV can't be ascribed to a solitary individual yet numerous people (Bellis, â€Å"The Invention of Television† 1) whose works and unintentional disclosures on optical, mechanical and electronic advancements contributed together in catching, at that point transmitting and showing a visual picture (Blackwell 1; History of Television, standard. 2). It was the Briton Joseph May, a youthful electrical designer and transmit administrator who in 1873 in Ireland inadvertently found the photoelectric impact of selenium bars. It was his regulating engineer Willoughby Smith who proposed making ‘visual telegraphy’ by misusing this exceptional property of crystalline selenium. (Parsons 23) It was the German physicist Eugen Goldstein in his own examination of release tubes in 1876 who delivered light by compelling an electric flow through a vacuum tube. This produced light he called the ‘cathode rays’. (Blackwell 1) In 1897, the German researc her Karl Ferdinand Braun created the ‘cathode beam tube’ (Peters 5). It was the improvement of the cathode beam tube, all the more prominently known as ‘picture tube’ and found even in LCDs (fluid precious stone presentation) today, that had become the premise of the advancement of the electronic TV (Bellis, â€Å"Television History† 1). It was the American George Carey who in 1875 drew an arrangement of a total TV framework †a selenium camera. It was anyway dubious whether he had the option to manufacture it or not. (Ritcher 6) It was the German creator Paul Nipkow who in 1884 drew an arrangement for a pivoting

Modular Kitchen free essay sample

Kitchen Brands in India Modular kitchen marks in India empower you to have a norm and solid kitchen in your home. Marked measured kitchens are constantly trustable and they regularly have at least 10 years substitution ensure. 1. Hafele in India is consistent with its slogan ‘Functionality for You’. The capacity of the organization to comprehend the assorted Indian market and adjust to the changing tastes and patterns, has made it an expert in the field of structural equipment, furniture fittings and kitchen fittings and extras. An essential Hafele particular kitchen begins from Rs. 5 lakh. 2. Gilma as a brand was situated in the excellent markets with different item classifications, for example, smokestacks, hobs, cook tops and microwaves from 2001. The shocking scope of fireplaces has a double job of being select in its capacity and adding fascination in the kitchen. Ovens and hobs are evaluated from Rs. 5000 and cost of stacks start from Rs. 9000. 3. Haecker kitchens have their branches all over India. They are presently getting well known in India as they utilize German innovation to make the Indian kitchen look exquisite. Costs can run anyplace between Rs 1, 00,000 25 lakh relying upon the style, the look, and the kitchen space. For example, Haecker Kitchen offers a fundamental 8 ft x 10 ft kitchen for Rs 2, 00,000. 4. Smooth Sleek reliably conveys most recent items, while accomplishing progress through structure, advancement and improvement. A wide range of kitchen cupboards and measured kitchen fittings are accessible in Sleek. Smooth gives totally moderate kitchen embellishments. A total secluded kitchen with Sleek will cost Rs. 80,000. Smooth Group is a significant sorted out player in the cutting edge kitchen space and is occupied with the matter of selling kitchen parts from its 30 show rooms and through its 250 vendors. 5. Veneta Cucine Veneta utilizes materials and creation techniques that don't agitated the natural parity. The structure of the kitchen units are made with 100% reused wood. The most essential Veneta particular kitchen will cost Rs. 4, 00,000 or more establishment charges. Rumored measured kitchen vendor can give you cupboards and fireplaces of any of the above said brands. Charges rely on the size and style of your kitchen. HAFELE Products HAFELE has in excess of 1,50,000 articles and 168 sellers across India. We are fundamental accomplices to the Indian wood preparing exchange, the furniture business, master sellers just as organizers, modelers and inside creators. These assortments of items are enhanced by an exceptional help via prepared staff. Hafele Indias extent of home inside arrangements coordinates your individual tastes and meets your particular necessities while giving you the most recent developments from the market. Hafele arrangements help you in settling on your way of life decisions with an informed reasonableness. Hafele has an answer for each side of your home usefulness for an enduring encounter and plan for an exquisite look. Throughout the years, Hafele has set up itself as a main producer and provider of fittings and embellishments with center around item advancement and administration improvements to guarantee that all client prerequisites are met with explicit arrangements. As of late, Hafele has cooperated with driving worldwide brands in order to offer the best arrangements from over the world to our clients. These brands mark strength in quality and mixes in with our guarantee of world-class usefulness. Organizations selling intriguing food, extravagance kitchen apparatuses target men more than ladies NEW DELHI: When an Italian says he is searching for Indian men who have particular talent with the blade, you realize he implies business. Roberto Gavazzi says his eyes are immovably determined to Indian men despite the fact that the business he is searching for needs to originate from the kitchen. The CEO of the 80-year-old Italian firm Boffi plans to sell originator kitchens that can cost up to Rs 2 crore, and would like to advertise his product through urban men who are progressively taking to cooking at home with a specific enthusiasm. Men in India are looking into cooking and need to parade their kitchen devices, Gavazzi advised ET on an ongoing visit to Delhi. Not at all like before, when ladies controlled the kitchen, the Indian man now whips, works and purees, yet in addition looks for smoked salmon, ham, outlandish cheddar, hand-made blades, and even the entire kitchen. Boffi isn't the just one pursuing Indian men; pretty much every organization selling intriguing food, extravagance kitchen apparatuses and kitchenware currently target men more than ladies. German extravagance home machines creator Miele says 70% of the buy choices on its items are being made by men. So we give more significance to our male clients despite the fact that the customary way of thinking would state to concentrate on ladies, Dhananjay Chaturvedi, overseeing executive, Miele India, says. The firm composes customary picnic occasions in association with firms, for example, Citibank, Axis BankBSE 0. 20 % and Deutsche Bank that emphasis more on men than ladies. It was likewise the primary patron of a polo competition in Delhi for a long time. Parushni Aggarwal, originator of Studio Creo, an organization that sells worldwide inside brands, says, Men take a gander at kitchens as a device. It is a boylike joy for them to see an arrangement wake up at the press of a couple of catches. Not very BOUND BY BUDGET That implies they are not very limited by financial plan. Boffi as of late sold a Rs 50-lakh hardened steel open air kitchen to a Mumbai businessperson, who introduced it on his yacht. Ledges that slide back and the forward and extractor hoods that spring up at the dash of a catch could clarify the sticker price. An Italian kitchen from a brand like Boffi can cost anyplace between Rs 10 lakh to Rs 2 crore, says Aggarwal. From choosing the Teppanyaki flame broil cook tops to espresso machines to fridge to microwave, men are an official choice producers in a large portion of the homes with innovative kitchens, she says. Harit Nagpal, MD of direct-to-home satellite TV specialist co-op TataSky, says he can cook anything from chana to extravagant fish filets. He has an eye India Kitchen Congress Cooking up Solutions An enlivened conversation among the market heads draws out their agony regions, and furthermore shows the path ahead Lack of preparing for deals staff, deficient comprehension of modelers and inside fashioners, poor establishment strategy, and shortage of organizations having a kitchen discipline are reasons why the secluded kitchen industry in India has a frail establishment. This rose at the CEO Round Table conversation of industry stalwarts during India Kitchen Congress 2012. The conversation was directed by Snehal Vasani, overseeing executive of Kitchen Grace. Vasani, a veteran of the kitchen business, began the conversation by asking how piece of the pie could be expanded to a huge level. As measured kitchen is another idea and the Indian business is scarcely sorted out, there is requirement for prepared venders who can persuade purchasers regarding their reasonableness in Indian setting. How particular kitchens admission better than woodworker made ones regarding long haul cost, finish, usefulness and wellbeing should be clarified with straightforwardness and conviction. This should be possible just when the dealer is learned enough about the item, and prepared as a mindful retailer. Right now the two characteristics are absent at the kitchen retail channels. Likewise, mistaken establishment is giving this classification a terrible name. The business stays reliant on redistributed establishment, and has not put resources into making a pool of prepared craftsmen who comprehend the idea of level pack furniture. Having a prepared framework is a basic for a sound offer in advertise that is seeing new participants regularly. There is additionally a mixed up thought that solitary a solid chunk can keep water from leaking through. Here too it is the structure originator whos ruining the industrys party, either because of numbness or sheer lack of engagement. It, be that as it may, would be out of line to reason that everything is lost. A harmony of interest and flexibly is regularly made when one among the two is set up. Taking everything into account, Vasani drove home the point that the kitchen business required its own agent body, which would â€Å"take care of its own. † IKC 2013 Exhibitors: Company Name Hafele India Pvt Ltd Sleek International Balaji Action Buildwell Krish Furniture Components Touch Interior Vertical Interior Concepts (I) Pvt. Ltd Jawahar Saw Mills Jyoti Architectural Products Pvt Ltd Pidilite Vinay Wire Products Shrusthi Plastics Style Spa Furniture BIESSE Jyoti India Metal Industries Pvt Ltd KAFF Appliances Cleaf Domus Line Foster Sirca 3B Spa Exposicam srl Product Equipment, Lighting Modular Kitchens Particle Board, UV Panels Modular Kitchens Modular Kitchens Accessories Kitchen cupboard shades Hardware Adhesives Accessories Sinks Modular Kitchens Machinery Appliances, Accessories Panels Lighting Built-in Appliances Wood Coatings Panels Exhibtion Modular kitchens to drive Indian lodging market By Daily Post India, 4/13/2013 2:12:29 PM DP Correspondent, Chandigarh 1/3 The changing way of life and higher extra cash is actuating India measured kitchen market to develop at a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of around 33 percent during the 2010-11 monetary. Kitchen is one of the most significant pieces of your home and the insides are as much significant as different rooms may be. Another idea that has entered in the realm of kitchen insides is measured kitchen. As the name recommends, secluded kitchen is comprised of a few particular, which are fitted together to frame a plan. Measured kitchens make cooking simpler, yet in addition add a pinch of charm to your kitchen insides. The idea of measured kitchen has reformed the inside stylistic layout of a kitchen. In a collaboration with Daily Post, Namit Bajoria, Director, Kutchina, stated: â€Å"If there is any harm, at that point just that one unit must be fixed or supplanted. Moreover, secluded kitchen makers everywhere

Concentration Choice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Concentration Choice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One of the questions that has been popping up in our email in box has to do with the choice of concentration at SIPA.   You can think of your concentration as your major field of study.   Many applicants are worried that they must stick with the concentration selected when the admission application was filled out.   This is not the case.   As a reminder, our six concentrations are: Economic and Political Development Energy and the Environment Human Rights International Finance and Economic Policy International Security Policy Urban and Social Policy We do look for focus in an admission application and the concentration choice often will influence how a file is read.   For example, if someone selects International Finance and Economic Policy on the admission application we do look for evidence of some pretty serious quantitative study and/or work experience due to the fact that this concentration is quantitatively heavy. However, we also realize that when admitted applicants enroll and speak with faculty, take some classes, interact with second year students, and attend events, one’s career or academic focus might shift and we want to be flexible and allow students to choose the pathway that is best for their professional goals.   Often this insight only comes after actually enrolling and spending time at SIPA. Thus it is perfectly acceptable to change your concentration when you register for classes in the fall.   There is no formal process, you simply must choose a concentration when you register.   There is also no firm time line to finalize your choice, however the longer you wait, the more precarious completing the requirements becomes. The counseling students receive will thus encourage you to be firm with your concentration choice sometime during your first year, and the sooner the better so that you may shape your class schedule and internships.   All of our program requirements must be completed in four semesters and deciding early will help alleviate pressure over time by narrowing your class choices. So there is no need to worry about sticking to the concentration selected on the admission application.   During Orienation in August new students will have the opportunity to hear faculty speak about the different options and the concentration choice will be made when you register.   If you need to change again when you register for the second semester you may, but again the more focused and certain you are, the more you will be able to gain from the program.

How Does Television Affect Kids Today - 2179 Words

Sarah Wenzl Ms. Carlson Research Methods Hour: 2 19 April 2015 How Does Television Affect Kids Today? As a child wakes up every morning, their first action of the day, is to usually walk downstairs and click on the television and the parent usually wakes up to the sound of their child’s favorite television show blasting throughout their house. And as the parent walks down the stairs, the child is sitting in front of the television both eyes glued to the screen and the parents begin to think about how much time they have to themselves in the morning. But in that time that the parent is using for themselves; the child is being entertained by the television; that television maybe entertaining the child but it could be possibly hurting their development. This has lead researchers, and health practitioners to invesigate how these changes may be influencing children’s development. The television could be more harmful than anyone could ever realize for a number of reasons The important thing to recognize the relationships between the t elevision and children’s development, is influential. These developmental problems can include giving false hopes, making kids less intelligent, hiding adult humor in the dialogue. The level of influence however, varies on the age of the child because of the way they are developing. And because they are still developing, they can give kids things like false hope, making them less intelligent, and hiding adult humor in dialogue. Most childrenShow MoreRelated Television is a Bad Influence on Todays Youth Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday life. Television could be the most-used technological commodity of all. Hundreds of millions of people now have at least one television in their home. In addition, there continue to be more TVs per home than people in the U.S.- in 2014 the average U.S. home had only 2.5 people vs 2.86 television sets. Although television seems like a great thing to have, it has its drawbacks. Television can negatively effect people, particularly kids. Numerous studies and surveys have proven just how much televisionRead MoreTelevision Is Bad For Children744 Words   |  3 Pagesenvironment of multiple channel TV, the internet, computer games, and mobile phones. Today, it is not just teenagers and adults who get hooked on television, but also children. Children all over the usual world watch television. There tend to be several articles and studies done showing how television is bad for children. For instance, in an article by Vlad (2006), it states that those children who spend more time watching television tend to spend less time interacting with their families and also playing creativelyRead MoreTelevision Does Not Burn Our Minds941 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people generally think of television, most may assume it rots the mind. Freelance writer Rachel Krantz not only believes that TV is not useful for your mind, it â€Å"may kill you, decrease your chances of having kids, ruin the ones you do have, and possibly turn you v iolent.† Could any of this have happened to me as I was binge-watching The Simpsons from seasons one to eight during the summer? I initially thought that this show was prone to dumb me down as I did this, but instead it enlightenedRead MoreHow the Media, Violence, and Advertising Effects the Minds of Young Children and Adults1036 Words   |  5 PagesHow the Media, Violence, and Advertising Effects the Minds of Young Children and Adults Media, it’s everywhere you go, and plays a major role in our everyday lives. It’s the largest source of entertainment and the most powerful and influential invention in the twentieth century. The amount of violence and advertising seen in the media has posed a lot of controversy, and many studies have made clear that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in our world we live today. Many of ourRead MoreViolence in the Media Essays684 Words   |  3 Pagespopular pastimes in America today (Inventors). Philo T. Farnsworth was the true inventor of television in 1927. He had no idea that thirty-five years later his inventions would not only be in ninety percent of Americans homes, but also strongly effect everyone that watched it. Following the introduction of television into the United States, the annual homicide rate increased by ninety-three percent(Journal of the American Medical Association). With the invention of television came the job of broadcasti ngRead MoreHow Does Tv Affect Children1346 Words   |  6 Pagesdon’t know when she became addicted to watching television. Actually, I think maybe she likes watching TV because she might have nothing to do. It could also be her grandma who always offers to turn on the TV for her. What is the real cause, though? I can understand if it is because she has nothing to do. But sitting in front of the TV all day? No way! I don’t get it. I have to see my niece cries everyday when her grandma turns the TV off. Why does she have to cry because of the big screen thingsRead MoreTelevision And Its Effects On Children1673 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision is one of the biggest influences in the lives of most people. People spend hours every day watching television programming, so of course this will affect their behavior. Television is like a window to the modern world. Many people view the programs that are aired on television; they can gain a lot of information and knowledge. Mo st programming like the National Geographic and Discovery Channels can be used as an educational tools in schools and at home to teach our children to learn insteadRead MoreTechnology and Its Effects on Children1062 Words   |  5 Pagesutilizing the internet, constantly checking smartphones, and relying on other forms of media for entertainment, socializing, or work related instances. Compared with the digital satellites, MP3 players, and Palm Pilots of the 1990s, the technology today has truly advanced, causing many people to become dependent on media-related devices. More than fifty percent of today’s youth contribute to this dependency. What is not taken seriously enough is that this eagerness for technology is destroying theRead MoreEssay on How Technology has Impacted Parenting1556 Words   |  7 Pageschanging worlds of technology and mass media? Most parents today work hard trying to find a balance between trying to keep up, and staying ahead of what their children are doing. Between devices like cell phones, iPods, and other music players that have access to the Internet, game systems as great as yesterdays computers, and with all of this exposure to mass media, how can you be sure your child is being exposed to suitable content? As kids get older, too much screen time can intervene with activitiesRead MoreThe Impact Reality Tv Has on Our Youth1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact Reality Television Has On Our Youth Television serves nearly 30 hours of entertainment to children 8 to 18, weekly. Reality television is a phenomenon that is sweeping the globe. These programs are widely viewed by kids, tweens, and teens. Many of these kids idolize reality stars and mimic their every move and their vocabulary. This alleged reality is negatively affecting the well-being of children world-wide. Kids tend to imitate what they observe on television and these programs

Androids vs Iphones - 1124 Words

Selena Velazquez Professor Marek SEC 76 3-24-13 Androids vs iPhones You walk down any average hallway, office building, school, or restaurant and guaranteed there will be at least one person glued to their phone. The society that consumers of this decade have evolved in is most definitely based on technology whether it be tablets, cell phones or portable gaming consoles we rely a little too much on technology. What seems to be the biggest disagreement in the world of cellular devices is between which is better the iPhone or Android phone? There are many differences and similarities between the two including screen size, hands free features and making tedious tasks easier for users. In the world of technology there is a very famous†¦show more content†¦There are many features that the iPhone simply performs exceptionally better then the Android but when it comes to certain apps such as online banking from your wireless phone is The Android makes making payments a breeze as described in consumer reports, â€Å"Right now, only Android phones support wireless NFC (near-field communication) technology, which enables you to pay for products and services at store registers or over the Internet using apps linked to one or more of your financial accounts. While iPhones don t have this payment capability, Apple iOS 6 has a feature called Passbook, which promises to be a one-stop shop for managing boarding passes, credit cards, and movie tickets, and more† (Gikas). This feature is useful among the adult crowd making it much simpler to pay bills or check accounts while on the go. Lastly one of the most important issues between the two phones is cost. Lately you see cell phones on the market for over $100. iPhone 4’s range anywhere between $200-$400 dollars depending on gigabytes, as for the android, the company ranges from about the same amount in price depending on the amount of gigabytes in the phone making price of the similarities between android and iPhones. Throughout many differences between the Android and iPhone are the most obvious the touch screen capabilities. This is theShow MoreRelatedAndroid Vs. Iphone.1223 Words   |  5 PagesAndroid vs. iPhone It’s been seven years since the start of the controversy over Androids and Apple’s iPhone. I’ve never seen so much of a craze between the two. Although different phone brands carry the android software and Apple carries the one and only iOS software for iPhones, they both take over the tech side of the world with there being such a comparison in the two software’s. If we explore opinions from Android users and iPhone users, you’ll find that they are very fond of the phone thatRead MoreIphone vs. Android1343 Words   |  6 PagesENG 101 3/14/2012 Iphone vs. Android What do people look for when purchasing a smart phone? What are some of the major selling points that convince consumers that iphones are better than androids or vice versa? Some people would argue that the two are different in many ways. But when looking closely at the new Iphone 4s and the Android sells you can see that there are minimal differences. The Iphone 4s’s icon interface is simple to understand and to operate. The rows of icons allow easy accessRead MoreAndroid vs Iphone1243 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Sam Costello for about.com article iPhone vs Android: Which smartphone should you buy? http://ipod.about.com/od/iphonevscompetitors/tp/Iphone-Or-Android-which-to-buy.htm Hardware is the first place that the differences between the iPhone and Android become clear. Apple is the only company that makes iPhones, giving it extremely tight control over how the software and hardware work together. On the other hand, Google offers its Android software to many phone makers (Samsung, HTC, LG, andRead MoreAndroid vs Iphone2345 Words   |  10 PagesiPhone vs. Android Showdown: Which Phone Is Best for Power Users? INTRODUCTION The newest iPhone comes out in two weeks; the Android OS continues to deploy on better and better hardware; and both operating systems roll out exciting new features and innovations with each release. So which deserves your hard-earned cash? A Starting Point You can evaluate iPhone and Android devices from countless angles, so rather than pretend that weve got the One True Comparison, it only seems appropriate to highlightRead MoreEssay on IPhone vs. Android895 Words   |  4 Pagesam going to be telling you which is better IPhone or Android and the reasons why it is and isn’t. The IPhone is better because it is more simplistic and in my opinion easier to use. The IPhone has sold 421 million phones this year and the Droid has sold 295 million this year so as you can see the IPhone even sells better. Now both are great phones but the iPhone is better because it’s an apple product and it’s simpler than the droid on any day. â€Å"The iPhone is an integrated cellular telephone and mediaRead MoreIphone vs Android Systems Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagessmart phone a lot of questions are raised in their head before choosing one. Should I get an Android or an Iphone? How much do I want to spend on a smart phone? Which phone has features that are beneficial to me? What specifications does each phone have? Some people would say Iphones are better than Androids, while others say that Androids are better than Iphones. When looking at a Galaxy S5 and the Iphone 5s there are major differences between them. One major factor when deciding to purchase a smartRead MoreAndroid vs Iphone: The Research On Customers Choice For Smartphones2749 Words   |  11 Pages| What are customers looking for in a smartphone (Android vs iPhone)? | Marketing ResearchArab Academy for Science and TechnologyDr.TarekAsaadJanuary 2013 | By: Nermeen Elhelw31/01/2013 | A smart phone was one that let you manage a calendar and e-mails.Ask anyone carrying an iPhone or Android phone these days what makes their phones brainy and theyll quickly tell you, Its the apps†. iPhone(iOS) iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed and distributedRead MoreGoogle Androids Smartphone Superiority over Apples IOS Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesIf you are a dedicated iPhone consumer you must realize that you have basically bought the same phone over and over again. It is time to trash the iPhone and get a new Android. Although Apple’s tyrannical iPhones took the cake by far in the beginnings of the smartphone revolution, Google Android soon came in to assert its dominance over the now pathetic iPhone, much like an omega-wolf taking down an alpha-wolf to become the new leader of the pack. With Android’s wide variety of smartphones, likeRead MoreApple And Android Vs. Android1236 Words   |  5 PagesApple or Android? This is a question several people ask themselves before purchasing certain electronics today. Both Apple and Android are especially dominant in the phone market where they have been competing head to head with each other for around a decade. Both also have some rather interesting background history, from the development of their devices to the great masterminds behind the tech. It is also fascinating to take a look back in time and compare what was then to what is now and see howRead MoreDifferences Between Smartphones And Android Phones903 Words   |  4 PagesThere are two main types of mobile phone users, those that have an iPhone and those that have an Android phone. There are multiple differences between iPhones and Android phones, to mention a few they are: open vs closed mobile platforms, application security, and battery replacement. Do you prefer a phone with a closed network or an open network platform? Do you prefer a phone with tight application security or loose application security? Do you prefer a phone where it is has a battery that is

Macroeconomics questions Free Essays

ATT it represents savings because the check wasn’t being spent on consumption goods. ) Your roommate earning $100 and depositing it into her bank account also represents saving because the money wasn’t spent on consumption goods. D) Borrowing $1000 from the bank to buy a car to use in your pizza delivery business represents Investment because the car Is a capital good. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Page 295 Question 2: a) People get the benefit from the market of insurance not to eliminate the risks but to spread them around more efficiently. ) Two problems that impede insurance companies from working perfectly and their ability to spread risk are adverse election and moral hazard. Adverse selection is when a high-risk person is more likely to apply for insurance than a low-risk person because a high-risk person would benefit more from insurance protection. Moral Hazard is how after people buy insurance, they have less incentive to be careful about their risky behavior because the insurance company will cover much of the resulting losses. Page 295 Question 5: Determine the companies sales revenue and number of stocks, and looking at the potential growth or weaknesses that may be facing the company. Health insurance could be an adverse selection because if it’s a person who has more health problems than the average healthy person they would benefit more from the insurance protection. A moral hazard for health insurance would be if after people got health insurance they stopped taking care of their health as well because they know they can fall back on the insurance. Car insurance could be an adverse selection if a person has an unsafe car or a record of bad driving they would be at higher-risk and benefit more from insurance protection. People who Just get car insurance could be a moral hazard because they know the insurance will cover a majority of their losses so they will stop driving as carefully. Chapter 1 5 Questions Page 318 Question 3: a) Frictional unemployment results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills. Frictional unemployment is inevitable because frictional employment is often the result of changes in the demand for labor among different firms. There could also be changes in the composition of demand among industries or regions called secular shifts that cause temporary employment while workers are in transition to search for Jobs in new sectors. Simply put, frictional unemployment is inevitable because the economy is always changing. People also leave there Jobs to search for Jobs that better suit their skills which also causes some frictional unemployment. ) If the government wanted to reduce frictional unemployment they could have skills development seminars in order to ease the transition of workers from declining to growing industries. They could also have employment agencies to match the unemployed labor to Jobs that match their skill set. Page 318 Question 7: A firm could increase its profits by raising the wages it pays because better paid workers are healthier and more pr oductive, worker turnover is reduced, the firm can attract higher quality workers and worker effort is increased. Age 319 Question 7: a) If manufacturing workers formed a union, I would predict that the wage would rise and the quantity of labor demanded would decrease. Because the wage is higher, the quantity of labor supplied would increase, so there are unemployed workers in the unionized manufacturing sector. B) When the workers become unemployed in the manufacturing sector they will seek employment in the service labor market. The result of a larger supply of labor results in a lower wage in the unionized service sector and an increase in employment. Chapter 16 Questions Page 345 question 2: Intrinsic value means that the item would have value even if it were not used as money such as gold. Fiat money is money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree. The paper dollars that we use are fiat money, each dollar reads, â€Å"This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private. Page 345 Question 9: Reserve requirements are regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposit. When the Fed raises reserve requirements there are less loans mad and the overall money supply shrinks. Page 346 problem 7: You would use the money multiplier which is 1/. 05 so 20. The maximum expansion of the money supply that occurs when the deposit that is made is 20 times the initial deposit which means we get 40,000 in money supply for the $2000 in cookie Jar money. If one creates more it expands the supply by the money created. How to cite Macroeconomics questions, Papers Macroeconomics questions Free Essays If business cycles are inevitable, what is the purpose of keeping track of different stages? It has been said that an economist recognizes three certainties in life: death, taxes and the business cycle. Throughout mankind’s existence, the cycle manifested itself in periods of growth followed by phases of contraction. Understanding the various phases of the cycle is important to a business in order to avoid economic bubbles and also maximize returns. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now History has proven many times that big and small businesses who do not take into account the business cycle usually get run over. Studying the different phases of the business cycle – recession, recovery, growth, and decline -is critical as each phase requires a different business strategy. Identifying the beginning and ending of each phase and what to expect in between can allow a company to align its strategies, tactics, and operations to reflect changing business conditions. While there is no definite formula that will apply to all companies, the general approach is to focus on a company’s strengths and core competencies and at the same time focus on stronger planning practices. Quick-thinking investors who recognize the different phases of the market cycle are able to take advantage of them to profit. They are also less likely to be deceived into trading at the worst possible time. The stock market crash of October 1987 reduced the wealth of the average American Household. How did this event impact the aggregate demand? The stock market mobilizes domestic resources and channels them to productive investment as such it is an important source for companies to raise money. The stock market has a significant relationship with the economy. On one hand it serves as the leading indicator of the economic activity in the country, on the other it has potential impact on aggregate demand, particularly through aggregate consumption and investment. The stock market crash of October 19, 1987 (known as Black Monday) recorded a US$1 trillion slash off the value of the stock market resulting in the reduction in American aggregate demand. Though not as catastrophic as the crash of 1929 because of the quick and decisive steps taken by the government, the 1987 crash affected consumer purchases of durable goods leading to a decline in business investment. As household income took a hit, consumer spending rattled. This led to a decline in overall demand. The crisis caused uncertainty about future income, which led consumers and firms to put off purchases of durable goods. What is the reason for the Aggregate Demand curve to have a downward shape? Aggregate demand is the economy-wide demand for goods and services. The aggregate demand curve slopes downward because of the following: Wealth Effect: A decrease in the price level encourages consumers to spend more. Thus the increase in spending causes an increase in the quantity of goods and services demanded. Interest-Rate Effect: A lower price level reduces the interest rate and encourages greater spending on investments, and increasing the quantity of goods and services demanded. If the price level falls, households may deposit excess money into an interest bearing savings account driving down the interest rate and encouraging firms to borrow and invest in equipment and factories, which leads to an increase in the quantity of goods and services demanded. Exchange Rate Effect: As price levels and interest rates fall, the real exchange rate depreciates. This depreciation impacts net export thus increasing the quantity of goods and services demanded. How can an economy eliminate cyclical unemployment? Cyclical unemployment is unemployment caused by the business cycle – that is a general downturn or lack of demand in the economy (a recession). The solution to eliminating or reducing cyclical unemployment is to increase aggregate demand through demand management policies which are designed to stabilize the economy by changing aggregate demand. The most noted demand-management policies are fiscal and monetary. What events in the economy can contribute to the change in the consumer confidence level? Consumer confidence levels are generally influenced by the following: Expectations of future income and employment The current level of interest rates and future interest rate expectations Trends in unemployment and changes in perceived job security Anticipated changes in government taxation Changes in household wealth What are the participants of the Aggregate Demand Curve? The participants are consumers or households; business firms; the government; and, the rest of the world. References Lutz G. (2002). Business Cycle Theory. Oxford University Press Boyes, W., Melvin M. (2007). Economics, 7th Edition.Houghton Mifflin Company Arnold, Lutz G. Business Cycle Theory. Oxford University Press, 2002. Remembering the Crash of 87 (2007). The CNBC Archives, Retrieved October 30, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnbc.com/id/20910471 Bozzo, A. (2007). Tale of The Tape: The Crashes of 1987 And 1929. The CNBC Archives, Retrieved October 30, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnbc.com/id/21191480 Macroeconomic Unemployment Explained (2007). EconGuru Economics Guide, Retrieved October 30, 2007 from the World Wide Web:   http://www.econguru.com/macroeconomic-unemployment-explained/    How to cite Macroeconomics questions, Essay examples

Punk Music Concert Review free essay sample

Punk Music Concert Review Pardoned Contributor Peeking into the Punk Scene Punk music is a unique form of music that incorporates heavy, raw and distorted guitars; intricate, deep sounding bass lines; high paced, pounding drumbeats; and vocals that throw Ideas of a world run by anarchy. Punk Is a form of underground music that appeals to people who are either bored or dissatisfied with the way the world works. In The Merriam Webster Dictionary the definition of the word punk Is; a young Inexperienced person or a petty hoodlum. This is the typical stereotype which is associated with punk.This definition is far too vague and neglects to mention that punk is also a form of music. Last Thursday I attended my friends punk band practice. The Apathetic is a band comprised of four local San Luis Obis residents; they have been playing together for five years and have three recorded albums. We will write a custom essay sample on Punk Music Concert Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Devon plays the drums and is back-up vocals, Mike and Travis play guitar, Mike is the lead vocalist, and James plays the bass. Last year they played at a Cal Poly U. U. Hour on the stage by the bookstore, this is when I first met the band.They have two scheduled practices a week every Monday and Thursday. Practice is In a storage room out on Broad near the airport, which they share with two other bands. The room Is Just big enough to fit a drum set, renal stage, and four speakers larger than myself. The walls are covered with carpet, eggs crate foam, and other various sound absorbing materials to soak up the deafening sounds generated by the band. Last Thursday was my second time attending one of their practices; and after being absolutely miserable the first time I went, this time I had two thick earplugs. The band enjoys when they have an audience at practice and there were about five f us crowded near the door of the crammed room. Therefore true to punk tradition it was a stand up comic show between songs as the members cracked Jokes Into their microphones. Most of the songs had a song with distorted amps, catchy choruses, and an extremely vice tempo. They played their own compositions, punk covers, and songs from other punk bands popular to this time such as New Found Glory, Blink 182, and The Atari. Punk covers are songs that are anything but punk soundings to begin with, and then the band re-writes them to fit their own style.

Just One Question Short Answer Example

Just One Question Short Answer Example Just One Question Short Answer – Article Example April Pain and Leadership Pain can have numerous sources and nature, and many people in pain struggle to cope with it. Pain can come from dissatisfaction with one’s physical appearance, a traumatic experience, loss of loved ones, among many others. Pain can be physical, mental, or psychological in nature. It can be as superficial as waking up very early, or as traumatic as suddenly losing a loved one, or almost being shot by one’s drunk father. It can be something that comes from mental or physical illnesses brought about by genetics or the social environment. Most of these pains cut deep into people’s psychological well-being. They cause stress, lack of confidence, and sometimes, a feeling that life holds no meaning anymore.The lesson for a leadership class is that leaders should be aware that they are leading human beings who have dreams, struggles, and pain. In order to unite them, these leaders must be able to know their members personally enough to discern t heir identity and goals in life. Through this knowledge, they can earn their trust and connect relevant life details and goals to team goals. For example, a person who feels he is always compared to his siblings needs a sense of accomplishment in life and to develop his self-esteem. Leaders can motivate this person by focusing on the importance of achievement and the role of each member in attaining team success. Finally, leaders should be sensitive to people’s pain. It does not mean that they should condone the idea of giving up or having no self-confidence, but they should try, in their own ways, to provide social support to people in pain. Human beings meaningfully connect also to each other by being one another’s sanctuary, in times of painful challenges in their lives.

The Berlin Conference to Divide Africa

The Berlin Conference to Divide Africa The Berlin Conference was described by Harm J. de Bli in Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts: The Berlin Conference was Africas undoing in more ways than one. The colonial powers superimposed their domains on the African continent. By the time independence returned to Africa in 1950, the realm had acquired a legacy of political fragmentation that could neither be eliminated nor made to operate satisfactorily. Purpose of the Berlin Conference In 1884, at the request of Portugal, German chancellor Otto von Bismark called together the major western powers of the world to negotiate questions and end confusion over the control of Africa. Bismark appreciated the opportunity to expand Germanys sphere of influence over Africa and hoped to force Germanys rivals to struggle with one another for territory. At the time of the conference, 80 percent of Africa remained under traditional and local control. What ultimately resulted was a hodgepodge of geometric boundaries that divided Africa into 50 irregular countries. This new map of the continent was superimposed over 1,000 indigenous cultures and regions of Africa. The new countries lacked rhyme or reason and divided coherent groups of people and merged together disparate groups who really did not get along. ThoughtCo / Adrian Mangel Countries Represented at the Berlin Conference Fourteen countries were represented by a plethora of ambassadors when the conference opened in Berlin on November 15, 1884. The countries represented at the time included Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814 to 1905), Turkey, and the United States of America. Of these 14 nations, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players in the conference, controlling most of colonial Africa at the time. Berlin Conference Tasks The initial task of the conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade. Despite its neutrality, part of the Congo Basin became a personal kingdom for Belgiums King Leopold II. Under his rule, over half of the regions population died. At the time of the conference, only the coastal areas of Africa were colonized by the European powers. At the Berlin Conference, the European colonial powers scrambled to gain control over the interior of the continent. The conference lasted until February 26, 1885 - a three-month period where colonial powers haggled over geometric boundaries in the interior of the continent, disregarding the cultural and linguistic boundaries already established by the indigenous African population. Following the conference, the give and take continued. By 1914, the conference participants had fully divided Africa among themselves into 50 countries. Major colonial holdings included: Great Britain desired a Cape-to-Cairo collection of colonies and almost succeeded through their control of Egypt, Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), Uganda, Kenya (British East Africa), South Africa, and Zambia, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), and Botswana. The British also controlled Nigeria and Ghana (Gold Coast).France took much of western Africa, from Mauritania to Chad (French West Africa), as well as Gabon and the Republic of Congo (French Equatorial Africa).Belgium and King Leopold II controlled the Democratic Republic of Congo (Belgian Congo).Portugal took Mozambique in the east and Angola in the west.Italys holdings were Somalia (Italian Somaliland) and a portion of Ethiopia.Germany took Namibia (German Southwest Africa) and Tanzania (German East Africa).Spain claimed the smallest territory, which was Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni). Source De Bli, Harm J. Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. Peter O. Muller, Jan Nijman, 16th Edition, Wiley, November 25, 2013.

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Islam - Essay Example Polytheism mostly in the form of animism was rampant among the Bedouin tribes in the pre-Islamic Arabia (â€Å"Culture and Religion†). Their tribes or families sold women in pre-Islamic Arabia to their husbands in exchange for dowry. Pre-Islamic Arabia had unlimited polygamy. Divorce among the Arabs of the pre-Islamic peninsula was a totally unregulated male prerogative. Women were granted no rights with respect to divorce. Women were not given anything from inheritance. People would bury their daughters alive. Despite the gender discrimination, forces of cultural unity in the tribal structure existed in the pre-Islamic Arabia. Qasidah was a special style of Arabic poetry that celebrated the ethos of honor and bravery of the Bedouins. It is the very existence of Qasidah, recited at tribal gatherings and market fairs that â€Å"has convinced historians that the Arabs of the seventh century possessed a common poetic language that could be understood in different regions of the peninsula† (Cleveland and Bunton

Hong Kong Land Holdings Limited Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hong Kong Land Holdings Limited - Case Study Example Even though HKL gave the least bid, HKL lost MPFA to Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited because the tenant had certain technological and modern standards which Landmark did not fulfill. As a result HKL lost HK$ 900,201 per month from rental income. Threat of takeovers: Competitors believed that HKL was not fully utilizing its commercial properties. Subsequently so as to unlock the shareholder value the leading tycoons of Hong Kong tried to take over HKL. HKL sold some of its valuable holdings in order to fight of the take over. Even so two competitors, Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited and Hutchison Whampoa Limited, managed to secure a 4.7% interest in HKL. Location: Of the 11 estates it owns in Hong Kong, 8 of them are located in Central District (Exhibit 3). In addition the 11 Charter Road Development property is expected to be completed in 2002 which will further increase the market dominance in Central District (Exhibit 4). It is said that Central is the 'Financial Heart' of Hong Kong. So HKL's portfolio of Commercial Assets is concentrated in a promising market. Convenience: The buildings in HKL's holdings have ease of access to every from of public transportation-the railway, airport and subway. In addition the buildings are all linked by a Central Pedestrian Bridge System which eases the movement of those who work or shop in the buildings regardless of the weather. For instance Alexandra House & Prince Buildings are linked by pedestrian walkways that run across Ice House Street. There is also a walkway that links Jardine House to Swire house and One Exchange Square (Exhibit 15) Customer Groups: HKL has managed to attract leading brand retailers. Ermenegilo, Zegna, Prada, Ralph Lauren, and Gucci are some of the international brand retailers that are entering the Hong Kong market. These companies are beginning to see Hong Kong as a good market for their files. The presence of these clients increases the marketability of its retail properties particularly in Central District. Besides the brand retailers, HKL has also managed to create a portfolio of food and beverage shops in its shopping centers. This has improved the marketability of HKL's Holdings. Brand Name: Through its promotional activities HKL has managed to redefine its role as the leading landlord. It was also successful in building up a commercial image for Central District through its partners. Its long experience in the business has enabled it to become business partners with its tenants especially in Central which it has been working since 1889 Weaknesses Age of its properties: Most of HKL's buildings are more than 20 years old (Exhibit 14). With changing modern buildings and improved technologies, most tenants are willing to pay more for new buildings. Equity Fund Raising: Although HKL is working in Hong Kong, it is not listed in the stock market of Hong Kong because of political fears. Therefore cannot fund its needs locally by issuing shares. Nature of Leases: Most of HKL's lease terms were short term. In 1999 alone, 25% of leases were due for renewal. With short renewal cycles HKL is forced to reduce its rental prices in order to retain its existing customers. Threats Economic Problems: The Asian Economic Crisis and the handling

Gene Therapy Methods and Delivery Systems

Gene Therapy Methods and Delivery Systems Genes the units of heredity â€Å"There can be little doubt that the idea of ‘the gene’ has been the central organizing theme of twentieth century biology† philosopher and biochemist Lenny Moss claimed in 2003. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. In general terms, a gene is a segment of nucleic acid that, taken as a whole, specifies a trait. The biological entity responsible for defining traits was termed a gene, but the biological basis for inheritance remained unknown until DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was identified as the genetic material in the 1940s. In cells, a gene is a portion of DNA that contains both coding sequences that determine what the gene does, and non-coding sequences that determine when the gene is active (expressed). When a gene is active, the coding and non-coding sequences are copied in a process called transcription, producing an RNA (Ribonucleic ac id) copy of the genes information. RNA can then direct synthesis of proteins via the genetic code. In other cases, the RNA is used directly, for example, as part of the ribosome. The molecules resulting from gene expression, whether RNA or protein, are known as gene products, and are responsible for the development and functioning of all living things. Every cell requires a host of genes that act as blueprints of all the proteins essential for its proper functioning. DNA is a linear polymer of deoxynucleotide monomers. Chemically speaking, it has a double helical structure of two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs of the nucleotide strands. Each nucleotide in DNA is comprised of three components, a heterocyclic base, a sugar (2-deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. The nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain are connected through phosphodiester bonds. The nitrogenous bases are of two types, namely, purine based adenine (A) guanine (G), and pyrimidine based cytosine (C) thymine (T). In DNA, base pairs form only between A T and G C and thus the base sequence of each single strand can be deduced from that of its complementary strand. Gene Therapy: Molecular Bandage? Gene therapy is believed by many to be the therapy of the twenty first century because it aims to eradicate cause rather than symptoms of diseases by delivering a normal functioning copy of the mutated gene and its associated regulatory elements into the cell nucleus (1-3). It is a technique whereby an absent or a faulty gene is replaced by a working gene, so that the body can make the correct enzyme or protein and consequently eliminate the root cause of the disease. A potential approach for treating genetic disorders is gene therapy. The most likely candidates for future gene therapy trials will be single gene disorders like, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, familial hypercholesterolemia, ADA deficiency, Gaucher disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency etc. Apart from these monogenic disorders, gene therapy also holds the potential of treating acquired diseases such as cancer, by inhibiting oncogene expression or by restoring tumor suppressor genes or through immunomodulation (i.e. by i ncreasing immune response to tumor antigens). Cardiovascular diseases too remain as one of the most â€Å"promising† targets for gene therapy because of the ready accessibility of the vascular system for gene transfer (4). Types of Gene Therapy: Depending on the type of cells into which genes are transferred a process popularly known as â€Å"transfection†. Gene therapy can be broadly classified into two types: Somatic cell Germline gene therapy. Somatic Cell gene therapy: This type of therapy involves the transfection of somatic (non-reproductive) cells especially of those tissues in which expression of the concerned gene is critical for health. Expression of the introduced gene relieves/eliminates symptoms of the disorder, but this effect is not heritable. Germline gene therapy: This type of therapy involves gene transfer into reproductive cells (egg or sperm cells). Here germ cells are modified by the introduction of functional genes, which are ordinarily integrated into their genomes. It would change the genetic pool of the entire human species, and future generations would have to live with that  change. Depending upon the method of correcting the faulty gene, gene therapy can be classified into the following categories: Gene augmentation therapy: This type of therapy is the most appropriate one for the treatment of inherited diseases caused by the loss of a functional gene. It involves supplementing the body cells with a functional copy of the lost gene so that the missing protein is expressed at sufficient levels in the body. It is only suitable if the pathogenic effects of the disease are reversible. Gene inhibition therapy: Its aim is to introduce a gene whose product inhibits the expression of the pathogenic gene or interferes with the activity of its product (5). Suicide gene therapy: This method is best suited for a disease like cancer where the aim is to eliminate a certain population of cells. It involves the transfection of such cells with a suicide gene, whose product is toxic. The suicide genes should be appropriately targeted to avoid widespread cell death (6). Depending upon the mode of delivering genes into a patient’s body, gene therapy can be classified into the following two types: Ex vivo gene therapy: In ex vivo gene therapy, gene transfer occurs outside the patient’s body. This is again sub-divided into two types viz, Autologous Non-autologous. Autologous gene therapy involves the transfection of cells derived from the patient followed by the re-introduction of these cells into the patient’s body. Non-autologous gene therapy involves the transfection of cells not derived from the patient’s body. In vivo gene therapy: In this method the therapeutic gene is directly introduced into the body by injection or by inhalation with the help of a suitably designed vector. Gene Delivery Vectors: Key to Success in Gene therapy Gene therapy, as a novel therapeutic modality, holds enormous promise for the treatment of a multitude of human diseases. However, till date it has failed regrettably in spite of more than 1500 clinical trials completed or currently underway around the world. The primary reason for the failure of the clinical success of gene therapy is the lack of efficient gene delivery agents, commonly referred to as transfection vectors. However, since the biological cell surfaces are negatively charged (due to the presence of glycoproteins and glycolipids containing negatively charged sialic acid residues on cell surface), spontaneous entry of polyanionic naked genes (DNA) into body cells is an inefficient process. Hence â€Å"transfer vehicle† or a â€Å"vector† in needed to condense the macromolecular DNA and to help it in crossing the plasma membrane barrier. Again delivery of therapeutic DNA to the desired body tissue is important to overcome adverse affects. In other words, the problems of developing clinically viable gene therapy methods and designing safe efficient gene delivery reagents are inseparable: shortcomings in one is going to adversely affe ct the success of the other. Hence, realization of the full potential of gene therapy will depend, in a major way, on the future development of safe and efficient gene delivery vectors. The Ideal Vector!!! A â€Å"perfect† or an â€Å"ideal† vector would resemble a traditional pharmaceutical and should have the following characteristics: (a) should be capable of efficiently delivering to its target an expression cassette carrying one or more genes of the size suitable for clinical application, (b) must not elicit an immune response, (c) should not induce inflammation and thus be safe for the recipient, (d) can be produced in bulk at an acceptable cost with reproducibility, (e) should be stable on storage, and finally, it should express the gene (or genes) it carries for as long as required in a strictly regulated manner. No single vector currently available has all these desired properties and each vector presently in use has its own pros and cons. However, it is important to realize that there cannot be a â€Å"universal† vector, optimally useful for all gene therapy applications. This is due to the fact that each disease will have a unique set of technical requirements, and the â€Å"perfect† vector for a specific disease should be optimized in accordance with these requirements. For example, some diseases will require local delivery of the transgene (e.g., ischemia, retinitis pigmentosa, parkinson’s disease, etc.) while others likecancer and atherosclerosis necessitate systemic delivery. In some cases, only a transient, short-lived gene expression will be needed (e.g., therapeutic angiogenesis, cancer) while in monogenic disorders, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, hemophilia and SCID a long term (sometimes life long) gene expression is mandatory (1). The future clinical success of gene therapy will certainly depend on the uphill task of designing â€Å"tailor-made† vector systems for the treatment of specific diseases. The efforts to design a â€Å"perfect vehicle† for the membrane-impermeable DNA have so far led to the development of many methods based on the principles of biology (viral vectors), physics (microinjection, electroporation, particle bombardment, hydrostatic pressure, and ultrasound) and chemistry (synthetic vectors like cationic lipids polymers). Each of these methods has its intrinsic advantages and disadvantages. Viral Vectors: Nature’s Own Infecting Vehicles Viruses have evolved specific mechanisms through the course of evolution to deliver their genetic material into host cells and then hijack the cell’s biosynthetic machinery to produce new viral particles (7). Thus, owing to their natural ability to infect cells, they can be used as vectors in gene therapy by replacing the genes that are essential for replication phase of their life cycle with the therapeutic genes of interest. Majority of the clinical trials currently underway around the world are based on the use of mainly five categories of viruses, namely, retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus and herpes simplex virus. Retroviruses: These are a class of enveloped viruses containing a single stranded RNA molecule (approximately 10 kb). Inside the host cell, the RNA is reverse transcribed into double stranded DNA, which in turn integrates into the host genome and is expressed as viral proteins (8). These are the most promising and widely used viral vectors used for gene therapy applications to date. Advantages: Rapidly dividing cancer cells can be targeted by using these viruses. Enters into cells efficiently and gives long lasting gene expression due to stable integration. Disadvantages: Only infects dividing cells, capable of producing tumorigenic mutagenesis due to random integration, unable to deliver larger genomic sequences. Again, it can insert the genetic material of the virus in any arbitrary position in the genome of the host- it randomly shoves the genetic material into a chromosome. Adenoviruses: These are the second most commonly used viruses for gene delivery. They carry a double stranded linear DNA chromosome of approximately 36 kb. Unlike retroviruses, adenoviruses deliver their genetic payload outside the chromosome and are thus less likely to disrupt the cell’s genome (9). But it is immunogenic and may cause inflammation and tissue damage. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV): They contain a single stranded DNA of approximately 4.7 kb surrounded by a protein coat (10) and can integrate at a specific site in human chromosome 19. AAV does not contain any viral genes and contains only the therapeutic gene and it does not integrate into the genome. It requires co-infection with a â€Å"helper† adenovirus for propagation. The advantage of AAV is that it is a non-pathogenic virus but the size for the exogenous DNA it can deliver is limited due to its smaller genome. The difficulty in large scale production is an additional disadvantage. Envelope protein pseudo typing of viral vectors: The envelope proteins on each of these viruses bind to cell-surface molecules make facile attachment to and entry into a susceptible cell. The potential for off-target cell modification would be limited, and many concerns from the medical community would be alleviated. Although viruses are the most efficient gene transfer vehicles available to date, their widespread clinical success has been impeded by the following major drawbacks: (a) Viruses are notorious for eliciting an immune response which, apart from posing a serious threat to the host, also makes a second dose of the same viral vector ineffective due to the production of high level of antibodies against the viral structural components following its initial administration. In 1999, the death of 18-year old Jesse Gelsinger, undergoing gene therapy for ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency, was believed to be triggered by a severe immune response to the adenoviral vector used. (b) Size restriction on the genetic material that can be encapsulated within the viral particles. (c) Possibility of random integration into host genome leading to the risk of inducing tumorigenic mutations (d) Purification of recombinant vector, verifying the sequence, transfecting the packaging cells, isolating and titering the transgenic virus and finally transducing the target cells are time consuming and labor intensive steps. Collectively, all of these complications associated with the use of viral vectors have prompted researchers around the world to develop artificial non-viral transfection vectors. Non-Viral Methods: Although the gene transfer efficacies of the viral vectors are unmatched till date, the above mentioned serious immunogenic concerns associated with their use have led to the development of non-viral methods for gene therapy. The non-viral vectors offer many advantages over their viral counterparts including significantly lower toxicity and immunogenicity, size independent transfer of nucleic acids, very low frequency of integration, relative ease of large-scale production, simpler quality control and substantially easier pharmaceutical and regulatory requirements. The non-viral transfection methods could be broadly classified into two types: Physical methods and Chemical methods. Physical Methods for Gene Delivery: Physical methods involve the direct introduction of genes into the target cells or tissues thereby avoiding the introduction of any foreign substance like a virus or a synthetic vector. Hence, no serious immunogenic concerns are associated with their application. The required genes are inserted via microinjection, electroporation or particle bombardment (gene gun). Microinjection: In this method, the DNA is directly injected into the nuclei of target cells using a fine glass needle under microscope. Although this method is seductively simple, it is difficult to apply clinically. While this method of gene transfer is nearly 100% efficient, it is laborious and time-consuming, typically allowing only a few hundred cells ( Electroporation: This technique involves the perturbation of the cell membrane by an electric pulse for a few microseconds resulting in the formation of transient pores thereby allowing the exogenous DNA to enter the cell cytoplasm. Although there is no limit on the size of DNA that could be delivered via electroporation, the gene transfer efficiency is low and there is high incidence of cell death (12). Gene Gun: In this method, plasmid DNA is coated onto micron size tungsten or gold micro particles and then propelled into cells using either electrostatic force or gas (Helium) pressure. The high velocity results in some DNA being trapped by a few cells and then it may be expressed at sufficient levels. This technique is fast, simple and safe and has been successfully employed to deliver nucleic acids to cultured cells as well as to cells in vivo especially gene transfer to skin (13) and superficial wounds. Chemical Methods of Gene Delivery: DEAE-Dextran: Diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dextran) is a polycationic derivative of the carbohydrate polymer, dextran and was one of the first chemical reagents used for transfer of nucleic acids into mammalian cells (14). Owing to its positive charge, DEAE-dextran forms an electrostatic complex with the polyanionic DNA. This technique of delivering genes into cells is simple, reproducible and cost effective. However, it could prove toxic to the target cells especially when DMSO or glycerol is used as a supplementary chemical shock to increase gene transfer efficiency. Secondly, this method is not generally useful for stable transfection studies that require integration of the transferred DNA into the chromosome. A major disadvantage of this method is its ability to transfect a limited variety of cells, e.g. phagocytic cells. Calcium Phosphate: Calcium phosphate co-precipitation method for DNA delivery was first introduced by Graham and Van Der Eb in 1972 (15). This technique involves mixing of DNA with calcium chloride and then carefully adding this mixture to a phosphate buffered saline solution followed by incubation at room temperature. The finely divided DNA containing precipitate thus formed is taken up by the cells via endocytosis or phagocytosis. The main advantages of the calcium phosphate method are its simplicity, low cost, and its applicability to a wide variety of cell types. Moreover, it could be used for transient as well as stable transfection studies. The main drawbacks of the technique involve its sensitivity to slight changes in buffer salt concentrations, temperature, and pH, as well as its relatively poor transfection efficiency compared to newer transfection methods. Cationic Polymers: A wide range of organic polymers has been used for gene transfection, the most popular being polylysine polyethylenimine (PEI) (16). These have a high cationic charge density that condenses DNA into positively charged particles capable of interacting with anionic cell surfaces and entering cells via endocytosis. PEI also exhibits extensive buffering capacity across a wide range of pH which protects DNA inside the endosome from degradation via endosomal swelling and rupture. Dendrimers represent another class of polymers used for gene delivery. They consist of three-dimensional, bifurcated, branched structures called dendrons. The polyamidoamine (PAMAM) family of dendrimers has been shown to be very useful for transfection (17). Cationic Liposomes: â€Å"The Artificial Fat Bubbles† Liposomes, in general, have long been viewed as bio-compatible drug/gene delivery reagents owing to their structural similarity to cell membranes. They are spherical bilayers composed of individual lipids enclosing a watery interior. Each lipid possesses a hydrophilic head group attached via a linker to a large hydrophobic domain. When exposed to an aqueous environment, these amphiphiles spontaneously form large spherical structures known as liposomes above a certain critical vesicular concentration (CVC). Within the sphere, lipids are arranged back-to-back in bilayers with the polar hydrophilic group facing outwards shielding the hydrophobic domain from the aqueous solution. Liposomes may be unilamellar (composed of a single bilayer) or multilamellar (composed of many concentric bilayers). The multilamellar liposome (MLV) upon sonication followed by repeated extrusion through polycarbonate membranes of defined pore size assume the size of small unilamellar vesicle (SUV, 30-100 nm) o r large unilamellar vesicle (LUV, 150-250 nm) (Figure 1).

Explain the Potential Effects of Five Different Life Factors on the Development of an Individual Essay

In this assignment i am going to be taking about life factors that would effect a child, these factors include; genetic factors, biological influences before birth, enviromental influences, social- economic factors and lifestyle. The first is Genetic factors these are factors that would be inherrited by the child from the mother and father. There are a lot of different illnesses/ diseases that can be inherited from the parents such as; cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, asthma, brittle bone disease and a lot more. These are passed to the child through their genes. If one of these illnesses are passed on to the child like brittle bone disease then this will effect the child in a negative way because they might not be able to do things properly when they are older, like sports and exersize. It would limit their oppertunities and stop them from doing things that they would later want to do. This is because if they have brittle bone disease then the persons bones would be really weak and could easily break, the bones were developed with a less amount of protein called collagen. The second is Biological influences before birth, this includes the thing that the mother of the child does while she is pregrant that would effect their babyies before being born, could be if the mother decides to smoke, take drugs, have a bad diet or drink large amounts of alcohol at one time. For example if the mother drinks durning pregrancy then this would have a negative effect on the babys development and could cause it to have foetal alcohol syndrome. A child born with foetal alcohol syndrome can be smaller, they could also have learning disabilities and heart defects. The third is Enviromental influences is the enviroment that the mother and child are living in and have been brought up in. Pollution can make people very ill, it can cause lack of brain development in small children. It can also cause people to have life threatening diseases such as cholera. The next factor is socio-economic factors this is to do with the income of your house hold . This factor can have a major effect on a persons quality of life. The main sources of income are wages from employment, benefits from the goverment, interest from bank accounts, the amount of money coming in to the house hold will be different depending on these factors. The main groups of people that live on very little money are older people,disabled people, lone-parent families and the unemployed. For example f the main earner in the family is disabled then they wont be able to work. This wil effect the wages from employment so the family will have a lower overall income. The last factor that i am going to be talking about is lifestyle. This includes how healthy and active an individual person is, a lifestyle is something that you choose, your choices and you influences. The use and mis use of substances, such as alcohol, drugs and smoking. If you mis use these substances then this can drastically changes your lifestyle and also the people around you.

Philosopher King Essay - 640 Words

1. Who is the Philosopher King - the ideal rulers, philosophers who become kings 2. Why is he the ideal ruler – Plato believes the PK is the ideal ruler because they will govern with virtue and justice with no hidden agenda, the PK loves learning, knowledge, truth 3. Why should he be compelled to rule – because a true philosopher will love the pursuit of truth, will be indifferent to the pleasures of the body, will not be interested in money, will not think human life is anything of great importance, and will not be concerned with dying 4. What is Socrates definition of justice – someone who is good and just and does good things 5. What is the nature of the philosopher – their curious to know true knowledge, inner truth, they are not†¦show more content†¦Is the PK a counter example to Socrates definition of justice – 21. Is being a ruler and being a philosopher compatible with his nature – 22. Does the PK have the ability to perform these two jobs due to his nature or due to his education- 23. If he does have to jobs would he be unjust – 24. Why might you claim that the PK is the most unjust and just individual in the city – 25. What does this imply about the city Socrates has constructed - The book â€Å"The Republic† written by Plato is about a man named Socrates who argues what the difference is between just and unjust, and who qualifies in which category and what it means to be just or unjust. In this book, Socrates discusses an ideal city and the philosopher king, which is a philosopher who qualifies as an ideal ruler. Plato believes that the philosopher king is the ideal ruler because the philosopher king loves learning and knowledge and knowing the absolute truth. The philosopher king is also thought as the ideal ruler because he will govern the city with virtue and justice and no hidden agenda. The philosopher king is felt compelled to rule because a true philosopher will love the pursuit of truth. He will be indifferent to the pleasures of the body, he will not be interested in money, he will not think human life is anything of great importance and will not be concerned with dying. Socrates’ definition of justice is someone who is good and just and does good and just things. The philosopher hadShow MoreRelatedThe Philosopher King2423 Words   |  10 Pageswhich one we’ll need? (Plato 203). The image of the philosopher king was thoroughly described in Plato’s Republic, but the perfect ruler or philosopher king has transformed throughout history and are influenced by historical events. First, the description of a perfect ruler in an ideal society in Plato’s Republic will be the first comparison and the basis of a philosopher king. Second, Marcus Aurelius, who was described as the first philosopher king wrote Meditations and it expresses his own thoughtsRead MoreThe Dividing Lien of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay2647 Words   |  11 Pagesforms begin. Plato states that this line divides the visual world we live in, the world of the shadows, and the intelligible world, the world of the forms. â€Å"Understand, then, that as we said, there are two things, one sovereign of the intelligible king and place, the other the visible.† (Plato) In the visible world the â€Å"good† is exemplified by the Sun. 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Platos starting point was his recognition that justice was one of four cardinal virtues, along with wisdom, courage and moderationRead MoreHuman Nature, By Jean Jacques Rousseau And Thomas Hobbes1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe notion of human nature has always been historically debated. Explores, philosophers, and writers have always come to argue on what is considered to be barbarism, savagery, and civilized. These constructed categories have put a label on people who do not share the same ideas as one another. These different views of human nature have come to propel change and have come to revolutionized human history. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Michel de Montaigne, and Thomas Hobbes all differ on their ideas of humanRead MoreThe Effects Of Poetry On His Noble State1412 Words   |  6 Pagesaccordance to the form, and the bed painted by the painter in accordance to the image of the form. 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And lastly, having the play unfold, one is able to sympathize with Oedipus and strike pity and fear rather than disgust from his sins. The power of fate in Oedipus the King was one that shaped the entire story. In the beginning

Essay about The Perpetual Battle Against Censorship

There is more than one way to burn a book, (176) says Ray Bradbury when explaining the reason he wrote Fahrenheit 451. Bradbury at the time was upset about condensed books, or books which had been simplified for easier reading. Luckily, this fad seems to have passed. However, he was also upset about people who wrote asking him to change the role of women or African-Americans to make them more or less dominant in some of his works. One of the major themes in Fahrenheit 451 was just that; a society where everyone got what they wished and literature was eliminated entirely so it wouldnt offend anyone. Sadly, this still continues to happen in the United States. Many books have been banned from school and public libraries because†¦show more content†¦According to the ACLU, this applies not only to pure speech (books, newspapers, leaflets, and rallies), but also nonverbal expressions that communicate ideas (ACLU . . .). To take the good with the bad, not only does it pr otect popular ideas, but also ideas expressed by hate groups and those against the government. The only exceptions that have ever been made to the first amendment are the two Supreme Court cases Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) and New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) (ACLU . . .). In the Chaplinsky case, the court ruled that free speech was not protected if the speech was fighting words or words meant to provoke the person to whom they are addressed (ACLU . . .). In the case of New York Times v. Sullivan, the Supreme Court ruled that free speech is also not protected when it is slander against public officials (ACLU . . .). Mostly however, these two Supreme Court cases apply only to journalism, as most classic and contemporary literature is not directed simply at one person. Despite all this protection, the decision to ban books from libraries is largely left up to the schools and institutions themselves (Banned Books Online), and a federal ban is very rare, practically nonexistent today. If we have the first amendment, then why are books still federally banned? There is a U.S. law that forbids the trade of obscene literature, or articles of immoral useShow MoreRelatedWhere Is the Balance Between Order and Freedom?1612 Words   |  7 Pageshas been like a pendulum, swinging back and forth due to cause and effect. Lately, for the past decade, the line between order and freedom has been swinging towards the side of increased order; this is evident by the Patriot Act, recent internet censorship bills, and the people’s reaction to American society via the Occupy movement. 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